Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Is the item digitized? In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. Title from item. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Priests Horribly Tortured. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. 377. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. He was also a collector of . In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Terms of Use No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. The 'Cape to Cairo' idea, dating back at least to 1876, and Rhodes' active promotion of a railway linking the . Daggett, Aaron Simon. Photograph. [Read Online]. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Hurst and Blackett. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Office hours: By appointment only. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. Photograph. 203228. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. What can an observer infer about the role of native Africans in French colonial conquests from "Conquest and Competition" (Visual Source 18.2)?, 3. Hevia, James Louis. record ("About This Item") with your request. Co., Puck Bldg. Name: From the Cape to Cairo Material: Color offset lithograph Size: Unknown Date: 1898 Place of Origin: New York City Location: Unknown Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler John Woods Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago Alexander Barna Co., Puck Bldg. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. Co., Puck Bldg. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. [1] [2] The project was never completed. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. 3, pp. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? This will help reinforce what you've already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. 799820 (June 2000). | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. | 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Source:The Weimar Classics Foundation. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Caricature published in the newspaper Punch, 10 December 1892 Imprint: [ca. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. Page updated: Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. - Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. 14 books12 followers. and Distributor, 2004). to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. ***Appointments are virtual, but we can schedule in-person if needed. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. Cullinane, M. Patrick. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2014 Visualizing Cultures. This will help reinforce what youve already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Written by the French Africanist and . 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the War on Earth. Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of benevolent neutrality., The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. site.). His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). It Ought to be a Happy New Year. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, Left:Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade, Progress, Force if Necessary, Cotton Dry Goods Education, Right:Boxer, 400 Million Barbarians, China, Civilization and barbarism meet as the headlight of Uncle Sams gun-mounted Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines the light of Progress on China. Published during the Boxer uprisings against Westerners and Christians, the cartoon portrays China as a frenzied dragon under the control of a Boxer gripping a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. In the balance of power between technological progress and primitive barbarians, the cartoon makes clear who must back up.. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Rus. 12, Issue 1, pp. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. 13, No. (ISSN 1961-9898). , 1902. Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago, Outreach Coordinator, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago, The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign EyesTwentieth and Twenty-First CenturiesImage Resource Bank, 2010 The Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago | Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. The word "Civilization" (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. title not id. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. - For guidance about compiling full citations consult As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Duplication Services Web site. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) (detail). 5 vols. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Powered by WordPress. The words "Striding from Cape Town to Cairo . By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. 11 [-21]. Translated from Russian. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. From the Cape to Cairo. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. The French leftwing magazine LAssiette au Beurre (The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. Download Image of From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. 2. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. All are erstwhile British soldiers. Translated from Russian. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our The Cape to Cairo trip is a thrilling, unpredictable journey of over 6,200 miles and it is not for the faint of heart. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Although the completion of a railroad spanning the length of Africa was looking less likely, segments of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad were becoming increasingly important to Rhodesia's economic development. 1900. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Pages. Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. Co., Puck Bldg. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. economics. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain).
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