Shareware is a software program that is given away by the author for others to use free of charge. At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announces it will create a program to deliver technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries. 2.4 trillion. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. The motes were powered by a tiny battery and could gain light energy through a photocell, which was enough to feed the infinitesimally small amount of energy a mote consumes (1 picowatt). The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. Over the next few years, the basic design of the IAS machine was copied in at least 17 places and given similar-sounding names, for example, the MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; the ILLIAC at the University of Illinois; the Johnniac at The Rand Corporation; and the SILLIAC in Australia. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. The boss wants it to have a complex user interface with a time display, touch panel buttons and accurate timing for the toast cycle. MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. That means if you want to get started collecting microcomputers, knowing which system to go for first can be overwhelming. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. Its chiclet keyboard was also criticized for poor ergonomics. Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. A commercial version of Alan Turing's Pilot ACE, called DEUCEthe Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine -- is used mostly for science and engineering problems and a few commercial applications. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). The line was discontinued in 2014. In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsofts MS-DOS operating system. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. Total Cards. True False These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed their BASIC programming language interpreter to MITS as the main language for the Altair. That's not as trivial. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill develop the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby." The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. The TI99/4 had a wide variety of expansion boards, with an especially popular speech synthesis system that could also be used with TI's Speak & Spell educational game. Quizlet is the only app you need to study and learn. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. On April 7, IBM announced five models of System/360, spanning a 50-to-1 performance range. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. Only one month later, another one million Raspberry Pis were delivered. Beginning with the VAX-11/780, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX family of computers rivals much more expensive mainframe computers in performance and features the ability to address over 4 GB of virtual memory, hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. Quiz 1. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken. The Jaguar was used to study climate science, seismology, and astrophysics applications. The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). The Apple Mac computer running the Mac OS System 1 was the first commercially available computer with a graphical user interface. He is the creator of the first consumer flight simulator software. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. Eventually, SABRE expanded, even making airline reservations available via on-line services such as CompuServe, Genie, and America Online. It has pre-programmed curricular material. Within weeks of its appearance, customers inundated its maker, MITS, with orders. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? Most historians believe that the use of Colossus machines significantly shortened the war by providing evidence of enemy intentions and beliefs. In 2012, Apple introduced the Retina display for the MacBook Pro laptop and iPad tablet. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). Xerox PARC physicist Gary Starkweather realizes in 1967 that exposing a copy machines light-sensitive drum to a paper original isnt the only way to create an image. The 2116A is HPs first computer. Nearly a quarter century after IBM launched their PC in 1981, they had become merely another player in a crowded marketplace. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). 25. The 386 chip brought with it the introduction of a 32-bit architecture, a significant improvement over the 16-bit architecture of previous microprocessors. FoxBase was originally released for the Apple II in 1984, followed by versions for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, and Atari ST. A version for the Macintosh was also released in 1985. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). This is likely the first example of remote access computing. Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM -compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Built as an electro-mechanical means of decrypting Nazi ENIGMA-based military communications during World War II, the British Bombe is conceived of by computer pioneer Alan Turing and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. At MIT, researchers begin experimenting with direct keyboard input to computers, a precursor to todays normal mode of operation. What type of integration strategy is a teacher using when she has her students link up with local writers who critique the students' stories and email them feedback before their work is finalized and posted online? Computer Science. . Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. The first generation of Palm-produced devices, the Palm 1000 and 5000, are based around a Motorola microprocessor running at 16MHz, and uses a special gestural input language called Graffiti, which is quick to learn and fast. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. Also known inside IBM as the Defense Calculator," the 701 rented for $15,000 a month. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. In some places, lower populations of ELL students may result in distorted data analysis. The Nest would remember what temperature users preferred by training itself to monitor daily use patterns for a few days then adopting that pattern as its new way of controlling home temperature. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". Designer Thi Truong developed the computer while Philippe Kahn wrote the software. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. [2] The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. The Central processing unit (CPU) serves as the primarily processing component of a computer system. The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. Inside was a Z80 microprocessor and a built-in BASIC language interpreter. A full-scale working replica of the ABC was completed in 1997, proving that the ABC machine functioned as Atanasoff had claimed. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. The chip quickly became popular with designers of early personal computers like the Apple II and Commodore PET, as well as game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? The RISC PC was used widely in UK broadcast television and in music production. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. What is the first step when designing and creating a web page or website? The first of David Hilbert's 23 unsolved problems presented at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 involved the Continuum Hypothesis. Plans for the Mark-8 cost $5 and the blank circuit boards were available for $50. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. The notion of storing both data and instructions in memory became known as the stored program concept to distinguish it from earlier methods of instructing a computer. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. After the success of the first LEO, Lyons went into business manufacturing computers to meet the growing need for data processing systems in business. answer choices 20 pin P1 connector 8 pin auxiliary connector 24+4 pin P1 connector Weighing 24 pounds and costing $1,795, the Osborne 1 is the first mass-produced portable computer. The upgraded and faster Tianhe-1A used Intel Xeon CPUs as well, but switched to nVidia's Tesla GPUs and added more than 2,000 Fei-Tang (SPARC-based) processors. Software Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. selecting effective instructional software. These tools take over the task of doing arithmetic functions so that students can focus on higher level mathematics concepts Spreadsheet This software is sometimes credited with starting the "microcomputer revolution" in schools, since it was the first software package available for home computers. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? It was transferred to the Department of Physics at the University of Melbourne in 1955 and remained in service until 1964. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. More than 50 PDP-1s were sold. Which of the following is an online course characteristic that supports success? C. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. It was the fastest computer in the world from November 2009 to June 2010. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. The TV Typewriter was used by many small television stations well in the 1990s. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Xerox wasnt interested. Enterprise resource planning systems cannot be used for managing daily operations. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the . The last one was decommissioned in 1979. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. In his book Giant Brains, Berkeley noted - We shall now consider how we can design a very simple machine that will think. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. The Relay Interpolator used 440 relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. The Mark 1 was a refinement of the experimental Manchester Baby and Manchester Mark 1 computers, also at Manchester University. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. Instruction for which all students "meet" with the instructor by video at a designated time of day would be an example of this kind of distance course. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. Motes are also known as smart dust, since the intention is that their tiny size and low cost make them inexpensive enough to sprinkle in the real world to as sensors. MADDIDA is a digital drum-based differential analyzer. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC). In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. Select the power connector that is specified by the ATX Version 2.2 standard, which allows more power to the motherboard for PCI Express (PCIe) devices. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. Oddly, the company doesn't use the term in its marketing, preferring instead to refer to the microcomputer (which it calls a "Micom") that implements the fuzzy logic. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. Apple introduces their first ultra notebook a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. OS/2 will continue to be used in special Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. The Invention of the PC These innovations made it cheaper and easier to. OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) prototype. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. It presents an approach to the technology and the implementation prOblem, documented with information about specific transit applica-tions. most important part of computer. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. The first large commercial computers to use integrated circuits, RCA highlights the IC's advantage over IBMs custom SLT modules. ducing microcomputers to small and medium-sized transit operating agen-cies. The result was the Relay Interpolator, later called the Bell Labs Model II. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. In 1987, the year after Microsoft went public, 31-year-old Gates became the world's youngest billionaire. Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corporation moves artificial intelligence a step forward when he develops the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine CM-1. D. The AGC was one of the earliest uses of integrated circuits, and used core memory, as well as read-only magnetic rope memory. The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. The system cost more than $100 million to create and ran a variation of the Linux operating system with up to 10 petabytes of storage. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Bruce Arthur Artwick (born January 1, 1953) [1] is an American software engineer. Hungarian-born von Neumann demonstrated prodigious expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, statistics, and the use of mechanical devices for computation. Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. Wi-Fi Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. The HP-35 helped HP become one of the most dominant companies in the handheld calculator market for more than two decades. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series. Commodores Amiga 1000 is announced with a major event at New York's Lincoln Center featuring celebrities like Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry of the musical group Blondie. It was eventually housed at NASAs Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations. Term. The mill is still in use today as an office park (Clock Tower Place) today. What software was the first available for microcomputers? central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. VTech, founded in Hong Kong, had been a manufacturer of Pong-like games and educational toys when they introduce the Laser 128 computer. Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. Columbia Supercomputer system made up of SGI Altix. The 2200 used a built-in CRT, cassette tape for storage, and ran the programming language BASIC. a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. desktop operating system d. Linux 0 points QUESTION 2 1. B. The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) project, led by IBM engineer Wallace Eckert, uses both relays and vacuum tubes to process scientific data at the rate of 50 14 x 14 digit multiplications per second.
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