History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). A primary source (also called original . Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Guide. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Primary Sources Sallust. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . N.S. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Roman military leaders. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. He was, however, defeated. Historical documents : how to read them. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Primary Sources (Original Documents) - Cornell University Plutarch, writing much . Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. 82 BC. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Revised on November 11, 2022. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. What is a primary source? - Paperpile Encyclopedias. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Wikipedia entry. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Sallust - Spartacus Educational Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Research Guides: Canadian History: Primary Sources [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Website. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces.
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